UK Offence Report

Introduction of new species

regulation 54(1)(a) of The Conservation of Offshore Marine Habitats and Species Regulations 2017

This offence was read from the text as made, and no revised version was available, so a later revocation could not be ruled out. Check the current text at legislation.gov.uk.

What the provision says

a a person on an offshore marine installation commits an offence if that person deliberately introduces into any relevant part of the waters in any area designated under section 1(7) of the Continental Shelf Act 1964 any live animal or plant of a kind having a natural range that does not include those waters; and

Text as made, from legislation.gov.uk. © Crown copyright, reused under the Open Government Licence v3.0. This is the text as originally made; later amendments are not shown here.

Who it binds, and what has to be proved

Binds
a person
Conduct
breaching the provision
Fault element
Requires proof of a state of mind
Burden of proof
No statutory defence — prosecution proves everything

The prosecution must prove both that the conduct happened and that it was done with the state of mind the provision names (deliberately).

The provision states no defence, so the prosecution bears the burden on every element of the offence.

Classifier’s reasoning: mens rea word in the offence-creating words: deliberately.

What would breach regulation 54(1)(a)?

These are illustrations, not law. They are generated from the provision’s own words to show the shape of the offence. Whether any particular conduct is caught depends on the full text, on any amendment since, and on the facts.

  1. Doing what the provision prohibits, or failing to do what it requires under the Conservation of Offshore Marine Habitats and Species Regulations 2017.

Penalty

Mode of trial
Either way — magistrates’ court or Crown Court
Maximum fine
Unlimited
Maximum prison (summary)
Not determined

'to a fine' with no stated maximum.

Sentencing

Offences of this kind are usually sentenced under the guidelines below. This is a mapping by subject, not a finding about this provision, and the links go to a search of the Sentencing Council’s own site.

Prosecution figures

No published per-offence figure was found for this provision, and it could not be matched to a Ministry of Justice offence code. Offences created by statutory instrument very largely do not have one. Absence of a figure is not evidence that the offence is unused.

Status and lifecycle

Current status
Status not determined
Made
30 October 2017
In force from
30 November 2017
Extent
Not stated

How this was established: read from the text as made; no revised version available, so later revocation could not be ruled out.

What the instrument is for

(This note is not part of the Regulations) — the explanatory note published with the instrument, © Crown copyright.

These Regulations consolidate the Offshore Marine Conservation (Natural Habitats, &c.) Regulations 2007 (S.I. 2007/1842) with subsequent amending instruments, and make minor modifications reflecting changes to related legislation. The instruments being consolidated by these Regulations made, amongst things, provision for implementing Council Directive 2009/147/EC on the conservation of wild birds (OJ No. L20, 26.01.2010, p.7.) and Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora (OJ No. L206, 22.7.92, p.7) in relation to marine areas where the United Kingdom has jurisdiction beyond its territorial sea. The Regulations make provision in relation to the offshore marine area, offshore marine installations and certain ships and aircraft. The “offshore marine area” is defined in regulation 2(1). The Regulations also make provision enabling the Welsh Ministers to carry out certain functions (which are currently functions of the Secretary of State) in offshore waters adjacent to Wales. These functions include the selection, notification and designation of special areas of conservation as required by the Habitats Directive and the granting of licences for certain activities that would otherwise constitute an offence in the Welsh offshore region in respect of European protected species. Part 1 contains introductory provisions. Regulation 5 identifies the competent authorities for the purposes of these Regulations. Regulation 6 imposes a duty on competent authorities exercising functions relevant to marine conservation to do so in such a way as to secure compliance with the requirements of the Directives. Part 2 makes provision for the conservation of natural habitats and habitats of species. Regulations 7 to 20 make provision for the selection, registration and notification of sites in the offshore marine area to be protected under the Habitats and Wild Birds Directives (“European offshore marine sites”, which term is defined in regulation 18). Regulations 21 to 24 make provision about the management of European offshore marine sites, including provision enabling management schemes to be made for these sites (regulation 22). Regulation 25 makes provision requiring competent authorities to establish conservation measures in respect of special areas of conservation in the offshore marine area that have been designated under regulation 11. Regulation 26 makes provision requiring competent authorities to exercise their functions to secure that steps are taken to avoid the disturbance of species and deterioration of habitat in respect of the offshore marine sites specified in regulation 26(3) and (4). Regulations 28 to 36 require (amongst other things) the effect of plans and projects in the offshore marine area (or on offshore marine installations) that are likely to have a significant effect on a European offshore marine site or a European site (as defined in regulation 27) to be considered before the plan or project is authorised. Subject to certain exceptions, the authorisation of such plans and projects is precluded where the integrity of the site would be adversely affected. Regulations 33 and 34 also require certain authorisations granted before a site became a European offshore marine site or European site to be reviewed and in certain circumstances revoked where the integrity of the site would be adversely affected. Regulation 38 imposes offences in relation to offshore marine sites, as regards the intentional disturbance of animals for the protection of which the site has been designated or listed; the intentional disturbance of wild birds in a classified site; and the intentional or reckless damage or destruction of habitats. Part 3 creates offences for the protection of wild birds, animals and plants, which in some instances are subject to defences. In particular, regulations 40 and 45 make it an offence deliberately to kill or take, respectively, wild birds or their eggs, and animals belonging to the species listed in Schedule 1. Protection is also afforded to birds’ nests, and to the breeding sites and resting places of the species of animals specified in Schedule 1 (regulation 45). Regulations 42 and 47 create offences prohibiting the use of certain methods of killing and taking wild birds and animals (respectively). Regulations 43, 45(3) and 49 make it an offence, subject to certain exceptions, to trade in or keep wild birds and certain species of wild animals and plants. Part 4 requires the Secretary of State to make arrangements for surveillance and monitoring of species and habitats in the offshore marine area and to take further action for the protection of species, in the light of that surveillance or monitoring. In certain cases the Scottish Ministers, the Welsh Ministers and Northern Ireland departments must also take measures to protect species under this Part. Regulation 54 makes it an offence deliberately to introduce a non-native animal or plant. Part 5 makes provision for the licensing of activities which would otherwise be offences under Part 3 and regulation 54 (in Part 4). Part 6 gives to the Secretary of State and competent authorities power to appoint or make arrangements for the appointment of persons (“wildlife officers”) to investigate offences under the Regulations. Powers to search and enter and gather evidence are provided to wildlife officers. Part 6 also makes supplementary provision relating to offences under the Regulations. Part 7 deals with a number of miscellaneous matters including education, research and reporting to the European Commission on the implementation of the Habitats Directive. Under Articles 16 and 17 of the Habitats Directive respectively, member States must provide reports to the Commission on derogations granted under the Directive and on its implementation. Regulation 79 of these Regulations ensures that there is an authority responsible for sending those reports, namely the Secretary of State. Regulation 85 contains a saving for amendments to the Offshore Petroleum Activities (Conservation of Habitats) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001/1754). Regulation 86 makes transitional provision in respect of licences granted before the coming into force of these Regulations. A transposition note setting out how the two Directives mentioned above have been transposed has been prepared. An impact assessment for this instrument has not been produced since, subject to the provision made in respect of Wales, it involves the consolidation of existing legislation with no changes in policy. In respect of the changes to the powers of the Welsh Government, these have been considered in the impact assessment which accompanied the Wales Bill. That impact assessment is accessible at http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160611073307/https:/www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/527740/Wales_Bill_impact_assessment.pdf. These documents are available from the Wildlife Habitats and Biodiversity Division, Defra, Temple Quay, Bristol, BS1 6EB. In addition, copies of both of these documents have been placed in the libraries of both Houses of Parliament.

Read the full note and every offence in this instrument

How this became law

This instrument became law without a debate or a vote. Under the negative procedure it took effect unless a motion to stop it succeeded, and none was tabled.

Neither House could have amended it. A statutory instrument is put to each House as a whole thing, to be approved or not; the Houses can reject an instrument or record their regret, but they cannot change a word of it. That is the constitutional position for every offence on this site.

The full procedural history →

What Parliament said

Mentions of this instrument in Hansard. Parliamentary material is reused under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0.

Other offences in the same instrument

How this was identified as an offence

Everything above rests on the judgement that this provision creates a criminal offence, rather than mentioning one. That judgement is made by rule, from the words of the provision, and this is the rule that made it — with a confidence of 0.92.

Basis
the provision says a person “commits an offence”
Confidence
0.92 of 1.00

A provision that states a penalty for an offence created elsewhere can read very like one that creates an offence, and the rules can mistake the one for the other. If the text quoted above sets a penalty for something made an offence by another provision, treat the classification on this page with that in mind, and read the instrument.

Check the source