UK Offence Report

SCHEDULE 4

SCHEDULE 4 of The Volatile Organic Compounds in Paints, Varnishes and Vehicle Refinishing Products Regulations 2005 (revoked)

This offence was read from the text as made, and no revised version was available, so a later revocation could not be ruled out. Check the current text at legislation.gov.uk.

What the provision says

PART II OFFENCES

8 It is an offence for

a person intentionally to obstruct an authorised person in the exercise of his powers or duties.

Text as made, from legislation.gov.uk. © Crown copyright, reused under the Open Government Licence v3.0. This is the text as originally made; later amendments are not shown here.

Who it binds, and what has to be proved

Binds
a person
Conduct
obstructing an official exercising a power
Fault element
Requires proof of a state of mind
Burden of proof
An element of the offence, for the prosecution to prove

The prosecution must prove both that the conduct happened and that it was done with the state of mind the provision names (intentionally).

“Without reasonable excuse” here is an element of the offence rather than a defence, so its absence is for the prosecution to prove (R v Charles [2009] EWCA Crim 1570).

Classifier’s reasoning: mens rea word in the offence-creating words: intentionally; qualified by reasonable excuse (an element; prosecution disproves once raised).

The defence, as drafted

e of his powers or duties. 9 It is an offence for a person, without reasonable excuse— a to fail to comply with any requirement imposed under Part I; b to fail or refuse to provide facilities or assistance or any information or to permit any inspection reasonably required by an authorised person in the exercise of his powers or duties under th

What would breach SCHEDULE 4?

These are illustrations, not law. They are generated from the provision’s own words to show the shape of the offence. Whether any particular conduct is caught depends on the full text, on any amendment since, and on the facts.

  1. On these words it is an offence to obstruct an authorised person in the exercise of his powers or duties.
  2. Refusing to let an inspector onto premises they are entitled to enter under the Volatile Organic Compounds in Paints, Varnishes and Vehicle Refinishing Products Regulations 2005.
  3. Sending an official away, or telling staff to say nothing, where the power being exercised does not depend on anyone's consent.
  4. Physically blocking an examination, or removing something an officer has said they intend to inspect.

Penalty

Mode of trial
Summary only — tried in a magistrates’ court
Maximum fine
£5,000
Standard scale
Level 5
Maximum prison (summary)
Not determined

this is the level 5 value when the instrument came into force (2005-11-01); the standard scale is keyed to the date the offence was committed, and for conduct today the same words mean an unlimited fine.

Sentencing

Offences of this kind are usually sentenced under the guidelines below. This is a mapping by subject, not a finding about this provision, and the links go to a search of the Sentencing Council’s own site.

Prosecution figures

No published per-offence figure was found for this provision, and it could not be matched to a Ministry of Justice offence code. Offences created by statutory instrument very largely do not have one. Absence of a figure is not evidence that the offence is unused.

Status and lifecycle

Current status
Status not determined
Made
9 October 2005
In force from
1 November 2005
Extent
E+W+S+NI

How this was established: read from the text as made; no revised version available, so later revocation could not be ruled out.

What the instrument is for

(This note is not part of the Regulations) — the explanatory note published with the instrument, © Crown copyright.

These Regulations are made in implementation of Directive 2004/42/EC (“the VOCs in Paints Directive”) on the limitation of emissions of volatile organic compounds due to the use of organic solvents in certain paints and varnishes and vehicle refinishing products, and amending Directive 1999/13/EC (the Solvent Emissions Directive). The Volatile Organic Compounds in Paints Directive lays down maximum content limit values for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which apply in two phases for paints and varnishes, that is to say, from 1st January 2007 for the first phase limits, and from 1st January 2010 for the tighter, second phase limits. These limits are set out in Part A of Annex II to the Directive. The directive lays down a single set of content limit values for VOCs in vehicle refinishing products in Part B of Annex 2, which apply from 1st January 2007. Annex II is set out in Schedule 2 to these Regulations. Regulation 3 applies the regulations to the products covered by Annex I of the VOCs in Paints Directive, unless they are for use outside the European Community or are for uses regulated by the regulations implementing Directive 1999/13/EC. Regulation 4 limits the marketing of paints and varnishes and vehicle refinishing products, listed in Schedule 1, unless they have a VOC (volatile organic compound) content which does not exceed the limit values set out in Schedule 2 by the dates set out in that Schedule. Schedule 3 sets out the analytical methods to be applied in determining the VOC content of products. Regulation 5 requires that products in Schedule 1 carry a label concerning the maximum VOC content of that product in a ready to use condition. Regulation 6 designates the Secretary of State as the competent authority for the United Kingdom for ensuring fulfilment of the obligations of Directive 2004/42/EC, and requires that she consult the devolved administrations as necessary in the exercise of these responsibilities. Regulation 7 provides that it is the Secretary of State’s function to enforce the Regulations (though not to prosecute in Scotland, where the procurator fiscal prosecutes), and requires the Secretary of State to establish and maintain a programme of monitoring for the purpose of determining whether the Regulations are being complied with. The Secretary of State may delegate her monitoring and enforcement functions to others to such extent as she determines, but must publish appropriate notice of any such delegation. Except in Northern Ireland, section 108 of the Environment Act 1995 provides powers for persons authorised by (among other authorities) the Secretary of State to establish whether the regulations, being pollution control enactments, are being complied with and to obtain evidence necessary to take enforcement action. These powers include the power to enter premises and to take samples, which may be tested. Special provisions in relation to enforcement powers in Northern Ireland are set out in Schedule 4. Regulation 8 creates offences of contravening regulation 4, and prescribes penalties. Directors and similar officers of bodies corporate are liable to conviction in certain circumstances where the offence is attributable to their fault. An evidential burden rests on a person relying on the transitional provision in regulation 10 to show when the product was produced. The maximum penalties are a fine on conviction on indictment, and on summary conviction, a fine of the statutory maximum, which, at the time of making these Regulations, is £5,000. Regulation 9, which applies to England and Wales only, amends Section 7 of Part 1 of Schedule 1 to the Pollution Prevention and Control (England and Wales) Regulations 2000. This in turn gives effect to the implementation of the Solvent Emissions Directive by the Solvent Emissions (England and Wales) Regulations 2004. Regulation 9 deletes from the scope of the 2000 Regulations one category of “vehicle refinishing” which has been removed by Article 13 of Directive 2004/42/EC. Similar amendments will be made by the devolved administrations to the relevant regulations applicable to Scotland and Northern Ireland. Regulation 10 provides transitional provisions. A product to which these Regulations apply may be placed on the market for 12 months after the appropriate date specified above if it was produced before that date. The EN standards referred to in paragraph 1e) and f) of Schedule 1, may be obtained from any of the sales outlets operated by the British Standards Institute or the BSI via their website – http://www.bsi-global.com/index.xalter. The ISO standards referred to in paragraph 1e) of Schedule 1 and in Schedule 3, may be obtained from the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) via their website - http://www.iso.org/iso/en/ISOOnline.frontpage. The ASTM standard referred to in Schedule 3, can be obtained from ASTM International via their website - http://www.astm.org. A full Regulatory Impact Assessment and a transposition note has been prepared in connection with the amendments made by these Regulations, and placed in the library of each House of Parliament. Copies are obtainable from Ian Oldfield, Air and Environmental Quality Division, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Room 4/G15, Ashdown House, 123 Victoria Street, London SW1E 6DE (email: ian.oldfield@Defra.gsi.gov.uk).

Read the full note and every offence in this instrument

Other offences in the same instrument

How this was identified as an offence

Everything above rests on the judgement that this provision creates a criminal offence, rather than mentioning one. That judgement is made by rule, from the words of the provision, and this is the rule that made it — with a confidence of 0.90.

Basis
the provision says “it is an offence”; the provision says an offence is committed “if” something happens
Confidence
0.90 of 1.00

A provision that states a penalty for an offence created elsewhere can read very like one that creates an offence, and the rules can mistake the one for the other. If the text quoted above sets a penalty for something made an offence by another provision, treat the classification on this page with that in mind, and read the instrument.

Check the source