UK Offence Report

Powers of entry and default powers

regulation 25(7) of The Environmental Impact Assessment (Uncultivated Land and Semi-Natural Areas) (Scotland) Regulations 2002

The provision has been revoked and no saving provision preserving liability for earlier conduct was found.

What the provision says

7 A person who intentionally obstructs or impedes any person acting in the exercise of the powers conferred by this regulation or who fails without reasonable excuse to comply with

a request made under paragraph (6) above shall be guilty of an offence and be liable on summary conviction to

a fine not exceeding level

5 on the standard scale.

Text as made, from legislation.gov.uk. © Crown copyright, reused under the Open Government Licence v3.0. This is the text as originally made; later amendments are not shown here.

Who it binds, and what has to be proved

Binds
a person
Conduct
obstructing an official exercising a power
Fault element
Requires proof of a state of mind
Burden of proof
An element of the offence, for the prosecution to prove

The prosecution must prove both that the conduct happened and that it was done with the state of mind the provision names (intentionally).

“Without reasonable excuse” here is an element of the offence rather than a defence, so its absence is for the prosecution to prove (R v Charles [2009] EWCA Crim 1570).

Classifier’s reasoning: mens rea word in the offence-creating words: intentionally; qualified by reasonable excuse (an element; prosecution disproves once raised).

The defence, as drafted

ise of the powers conferred by this regulation or who fails without reasonable excuse to comply with a request made under paragraph (6) above shall be guilty of an offence and be liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding level 5 on the standard scale.

What would breach regulation 25(7)?

These are illustrations, not law. They are generated from the provision’s own words to show the shape of the offence. Whether any particular conduct is caught depends on the full text, on any amendment since, and on the facts.

  1. On these words an offence is committed where a person fails without reasonable excuse to comply with a request made under paragraph (6) above.
  2. Refusing to let an inspector onto premises they are entitled to enter under the Environmental Impact Assessment (Uncultivated Land and Semi-Natural Areas) (Scotland) Regulations 2002.
  3. Sending an official away, or telling staff to say nothing, where the power being exercised does not depend on anyone's consent.
  4. Physically blocking an examination, or removing something an officer has said they intend to inspect.

Penalty

Mode of trial
Either way — magistrates’ court or Crown Court
Maximum fine
£5,000
Standard scale
Level 5
Maximum prison (summary)
Not determined

in Scotland a reference to a level is construed as referring to the standard scale as it currently stands (CP(S)A 1995 s.225(2)), not as it stood when the instrument was made.

Sentencing

Offences of this kind are usually sentenced under the guidelines below. This is a mapping by subject, not a finding about this provision, and the links go to a search of the Sentencing Council’s own site.

Prosecution figures

No published per-offence figure was found for this provision, and it could not be matched to a Ministry of Justice offence code. Offences created by statutory instrument very largely do not have one. Absence of a figure is not evidence that the offence is unused.

Status and lifecycle

Current status
Revoked
Revoked by
The Environmental Impact Assessment (Agriculture) (Scotland) Regulations 2006 (revoked)
Revoked on
1 January 2007
Made
14 January 2002
In force from
4 February 2002
Extent
S

How this was established: the instrument was revoked by a later instrument found in this corpus.

What the instrument is for

(This note is not part of the Regulations) — the explanatory note published with the instrument, © Crown copyright.

These Regulations implement, in relation to projects on uncultivated land and semi-natural areas in Scotland, Council Directive 85/337/EEC (as amended by Council Directive 97/11/EEC) on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment and Council Directive 92/43/EEC (as last amended by Council Directive 97/62/EC) on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora (“the Habitats Directive”) insofar as it applies to such projects. The definition of “project” identifies those activities which are subject to the requirements of the Regulations. Regulation 4 prevents any projects from being undertaken unless a screening decision is first obtained. The screening decision determines whether the project is one which is likely to have a significant effect on the environment. This will include a project likely to have a significant effect on a European site within the meaning of the Conservation (Natural Habitats, &c.) Regulations 1994 (as amended) (“the Habitats Regulations”). A project which has been so determined is defined as a “relevant project” in the Regulations. The screening decision must be reached in accordance principally with the selection criteria set out in Schedule 1 to these Regulations. The procedural requirements in respect of screening decisions are set out in regulation 5. Regulation 6 prohibits a relevant project from being carried out without consent first having been obtained from the Scottish Ministers. Regulation 7 entitles the prospective applicant for consent to obtain an opinion from the Scottish Ministers as to the information which will be required as part of the environmental statement to accompany the application for consent. Regulation 8 requires the environmental bodies referred to to provide any relevant information in their possession to the applicant for consent. Regulations 9 and 10 contain the procedural requirements for the application for consent. The application is required to include the environmental statement which is defined as a statement which includes the information in Part II of Schedule 2 to the Regulations and such of the information in Part I of Schedule 2 as is reasonably required to assess the environmental effects of the project. Regulation 11 contains provisions for notifying other States which are parties to the Agreement on the European Economic Area of projects likely to have environmental effects on those States. Regulation 12 specifies how decisions under the Regulations are to be made in respect of projects located partly in Scotland and partly in England. Regulation 13 prescribes how the Scottish Ministers shall decide whether to grant consent for a project. It requires them to take into account all of the information and representations provided in accordance with the Regulations. The Scottish Ministers may not grant consent for a project which would involve activities prohibited under those provisions of the Habitats Regulations which implement Articles 12, 13, 15 and 16 (requirements for protection of species) of the Habitats Directive. Neither may they grant consent for a project which would adversely affect the integrity of a European site (as defined in the Habitats Regulations). These provisions implement Article 6(3) of the Habitats Directive. The provisions in these Regulations are consistent with those in the Habitats Regulations as applied to other consent regimes (regulation 13(3) to (9)). Regulation 13(11) specifies mandatory conditions to which the consents are required to be subject to ensure that consents are implemented and that further consent is required for works which are materially different from those permitted. Regulation 13(12) contains procedural requirements to be complied with in granting or refusing consent and regulation 13(13) makes provision for a case where the Scottish Ministers intend to grant consent for any project which consists of an operation likely to damage a site of special scientific interest against the advice of Scottish Natural Heritage. Regulation 14 and Schedule 3 implement Article 6(2) of the Habitats Directive by ensuring that any decisions taken in accordance with the Regulations before the designation of a European site which would permit a project to be carried out which would adversely affect the integrity of the site are reviewed and revoked or modified as necessary. An applicant for a screening decision or for consent for a relevant project (or a person interested in a project subject to a revocation or modification under the review provisions contained in Schedule 3) may appeal against an adverse decision to the Scottish Ministers. An appellant is entitled to be heard by a person appointed by the Scottish Ministers by way of a hearing or an inquiry. The general appeal provisions are contained in regulation 15 and the procedures for determination by written representations and by inquiry are contained in regulations 16 and 17 respectively. Persons aggrieved by decisions under regulations 15, 16 or 17 may appeal to the sheriff by way of summary application (regulation 18). Persons who carry on projects without first obtaining either a negative screening decision or consent for the project, or who act in breach of conditions imposed on a consent, commit an offence under the Regulations. It is also an offence under the Regulations to make false or misleading statements in order to obtain a particular decision (regulations 19 to 21). If the Scottish Ministers wish to ensure that unauthorised works are stopped with immediate effect, they can, under regulation 22, serve a stop notice on the person carrying out the works or on any person with an interest in the land upon which the works are taking place. An appeal against a stop notice lies to the sheriff. Non-compliance with the stop notice is an offence (regulation 23). Regulation 24 contains a power for the Scottish Ministers to serve a notice requiring a person they believe to be responsible for committing an offence in connection with works, to reinstate the land to its former condition. An appeal against a reinstatement notice lies to the sheriff. Failure to comply with the requirements of a reinstatement notice is an offence. Regulation 25 contains powers of entry in connection with carrying out the functions of the Scottish Ministers under the Regulations and includes the power to inspect and take copies of records. Powers are also provided to enter land for the purpose of carrying out works of reinstatement following non-compliance with a reinstatement notice. Regulation 26 makes provision in relation to offences committed by bodies corporate.

Read the full note and every offence in this instrument

Other offences in the same instrument

How this was identified as an offence

Everything above rests on the judgement that this provision creates a criminal offence, rather than mentioning one. That judgement is made by rule, from the words of the provision, and this is the rule that made it — with a confidence of 0.92.

Basis
the provision says a person is “guilty of an offence”
Confidence
0.92 of 1.00

A provision that states a penalty for an offence created elsewhere can read very like one that creates an offence, and the rules can mistake the one for the other. If the text quoted above sets a penalty for something made an offence by another provision, treat the classification on this page with that in mind, and read the instrument.

Check the source