Aiders, abettors, suborners, etc.

article 12(2) of Perjury (Northern Ireland) Order 1979

• In force
• Strict liability
• Indictable only
• Miscellaneous

The instrument creating this offence has not been revoked so far as the data shows.

What the provision says

2 Any person who incites. . . another person to commit an offence against this Order shall be guilty of an offence and liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for

a term not exceeding two years, or to

a fine, or to both.

Text as made, from legislation.gov.uk. © Crown copyright, reused under the Open Government Licence v3.0. This is the text as originally made; later amendments are not shown here.

Who it binds, and what has to be proved

Binds

a person

Conduct

breaching the provision

Fault element

Strict liability

Burden of proof

No statutory defence — prosecution proves everything

The prosecution must prove that the conduct happened. This is a strict liability offence as drafted: the provision uses no word of intention, knowledge, recklessness or negligence, so there is no need to show that a person meant to do it, knew about it, or was careless.

Intention, knowledge and carelessness are irrelevant to guilt. They may still matter a great deal to sentence.

The provision states no defence, so the prosecution bears the burden on every element of the offence.

Classifier’s reasoning: no word of intention, knowledge, recklessness or negligence in the offence or its provision; other provisions of the same instrument use a mens rea word while this one does not (the Cundy v Le Cocq contrast).

What would breach article 12(2)?

These are illustrations, not law. They are generated from the provision’s own words to show the shape of the offence. Whether any particular conduct is caught depends on the full text, on any amendment since, and on the facts.

1. On these words an offence is committed where a person incites. . . another person.
2. Doing what the provision prohibits, or failing to do what it requires under the Perjury (Northern Ireland) Order 1979.

Penalty

Mode of trial

Indictable only — tried in the Crown Court

Maximum fine

Unlimited

Maximum prison (summary)

Not determined

Maximum prison (on indictment)

2 years

'to a fine' with no stated maximum.

Sentencing

Offences of this kind are usually sentenced under the guidelines below. This is a mapping by subject, not a finding about this provision, and the links go to a search of the Sentencing Council’s own site.

• Imposition of community and custodial sentences: definitive guideline All courts in England and Wales

  When a community order or custody is justified at all, and the presumption against short custodial sentences.

• Reduction in sentence for a guilty plea: definitive guideline All courts in England and Wales · in force from 1 June 2017

  The sliding scale of credit for pleading guilty, from one third at the first stage of proceedings downwards.

• General guideline: overarching principles All courts in England and Wales · in force from 1 October 2019

  The guideline a court uses when there is no offence-specific guideline, which is the position for the overwhelming majority of offences created by statutory instrument. It sets out how culpability and harm are assessed from first principles.

• Totality: definitive guideline All courts in England and Wales

  How to sentence more than one offence at once so that the total is just and proportionate - frequently in point here, because regulatory prosecutions commonly charge several breaches of the same instrument.

Prosecution figures

No published per-offence figure was found for this provision, and it could not be matched to a Ministry of Justice offence code. Offences created by statutory instrument very largely do not have one. Absence of a figure is not evidence that the offence is unused.

Status and lifecycle

Current status

In force

Made

19 December 1979

In force from

Not determined

Extent

N.I.

How this was established: read from the revised (currently in force) text.

Other offences in the same instrument

• False statutory declarations and other false unsworn statementsarticle 10
• False declarations, etc., to obtain registration, etc., for carrying on a vocationarticle 11
• Aiders, abettors, suborners, etcarticle 12(1)
• False written statements tendered in evidencearticle 4(1)
• False written statements tendered in evidencearticle 4(2)
• False written statements tendered in evidence in courts-martialarticle 5(1)
• False unsworn statements under the Evidence (Proceedings in Other Jurisdictions) Act 1975article 6
• False statements on oath made otherwise than in a judicial proceedingarticle 7(1)
• False statements on oath made otherwise than in a judicial proceedingarticle 7(2)
• False statements, etc., with reference to marriage or civil partnershiparticle 8(1)
• False statements, etc., with reference to marriage or civil partnershiparticle 8(1A)
• False statements, etc., as to births or deathsarticle 9(1)

How this was identified as an offence

Everything above rests on the judgement that this provision creates a criminal offence, rather than mentioning one. That judgement is made by rule, from the words of the provision, and this is the rule that made it — with a confidence of 0.96.

Basis

the provision says a person “commits an offence”; the provision says a person is “guilty of an offence”

Confidence

0.96 of 1.00

A provision that states a penalty for an offence created elsewhere can read very like one that creates an offence, and the rules can mistake the one for the other. If the text quoted above sets a penalty for something made an offence by another provision, treat the classification on this page with that in mind, and read the instrument.

Check the source

• This provision on legislation.gov.uk The authoritative text. Check it before relying on anything here.
• Perjury (Northern Ireland) Order 1979 Every offence this instrument creates, and its explanatory note
• MiscellaneousOther offences on the same subject
• Offences created in 1979